Microwave and RF
LTE Release 9 Technology Introduction
The LTE technology as specified within 3GPP Release 8 was first commercially deployed by end 2009. Since then the number of operators implementing the technology is strongly increasing around the globe. LTE has become the fastest developing mobile system technology. The same way GSM and WCDMA have been enhanced with additional features over time, LTE is continuously worked on. This white paper describes the initial enhancements that have been included in the 3GPP Release 9.
Read more
Range to Fault (RTF) Technology
Passive intermodulation (PIM) has been recognized as a problem in communications systems for nearly 50 years. New technology is helping cut down on the amount of time PIM testing takes to find the source of the problem. Learn how Range To Fault (RTF) analysis can accurately predict the location of multiple static PIM sources within the RF infrastructure.
Read more
Microwave absorbers for collision avoidance systems
Microwave absorbers consist of materials that contain coatings whose electrical and/or magnetic properties have been altered in order to allow for the absorption of microwave energy at discrete or broadband frequencies. These absorbers have traditionally been used for EMI reduction, antenna pattern shaping, and radar cross section reduction.
Read more
Save Time and Space in Design for Coexistence with Integrated RF Modules
Applications for portable wireless data communications are on the rise with the advent of initiatives such as smart power and with rapid growth in markets for portable devices such as tablet PCs. To be successful in these applications, however, designs need to have multiple highefficiency, low-noise RF channels in as small a space as possible. By adopting integrated RF modules, designers can achieve such superior coexistence faster and more efficiently than by using discrete component designs.
Read more
Real world challenges in deploying LTE networks for high speed mobile broadband service
There are new technologies in LTE to achieve very high data rates and efficient spectrum usage such as OFDMA and Resource Scheduling. A key testing technology behind this is the measurement of "throughput" to measure the actual data rates achieved under certain network conditions. This article reviews the technical issues related to LTE network throughput, from both Base Station and Handset sides, and then discuss the techniques being introduced in the industry to measure throughput.
Read more
Integrated ZigBee Radio Implementation and Testing
When designing embedded ZigBee (or other IEEE 802.15.4 based protocol) radio solutions, there are several tradeoffs in the level of integration into the end-product that are available. The challenge is to balance the level of integration and development costs base against the performance requirements of the end use application. As low cost radio technologies proliferate through many electronic product applications, streamlining validation and verification of ZigBee module performance is important. This application note demonstrates the utility and simplicity of the Tektronix MDO4000 Series Oscilloscope to validate and verify ZigBee radio module integration.
Read more
Who's afraid of RF radiations?
A large group of people perceive risks of RF exposure as likely and even possible severe. It is explained that RF radiation cannot be directly carcinogenic. RF heating is well controlled by (inter)national power restrictions and exposure limit recommendations. Long-term effects are not fully known and research concerning possible effects is ongoing. Awaiting these results, we propose to use the ALATA principle concerning transmit powers. For wireless energy transport we furthermore propose to place RF base station and wireless sensor nodes on the ceiling and direct the radiation over the ceiling. The benefit is two-fold: humans are not subject to electromagnetic radiation and energy transport is not blocked by humans.
Read more
Putting FPGAs to Work in Software Radio Systems, 6th Edition
FPGAs have become an increasingly important resource for software radio systems. Programmable logic technology now offers significant advantages for implementing software radio functions such as DDCs (digital down-converters). Over the past few years, the functions associated with DDCs have seen a shift from being delivered in ASICs to operating as IP in FPGAs. Recently updated to its 6th edition, this handbook introduces the basics of FPGA technology and its relationship to SDR (Software Defined Radio) systems. A review of Pentek's GateFlow FPGA Design Resources is followed by a discussion of features and benefits of FPGA-based DDCs
Read more
Wireless Connectivity Validation Solution
This application note describes Kozio's embedded software solution for interfacing, programming, calibrating, and validating the connectivity with these wireless multichip modules. Kozio provides general features for interfacing with the Bluetooth, WiFi, FM and GPS modules, as well as programming and functional tests for the Bluetooth and WiFi modules. Using Kozio's turn-key solution for wireless connectivity provides a quick method for validating and calibrating, delivering significant savings per device.
Read more
Voice and SMS in LTE
This white paper summarizes the technology options for supporting voice and short message service (SMS) in LTE, including circuit switched fallback (CSFB), SMS over SGs, and voice over LTE (VoLTE). It includes background information on the standardization process, and the commercial implications for the different options. The white paper also addresses test and measurement requirements resulting from the support of voice and SMS in LTE.
Read more
Method for improving battery life for Mobile Devices
In this paper, we intend to improve the battery life of a mobile device which is enabled with wireless communication technologies like 2G( GSM, GPRS, iDEN), 3G ( WCDMA ) or 4G( LTE, Wimax ). When the mobile station is in idle mode or stand by mode, it takes neighbor cell measurements along with serving cell measurements. These measurements (Received Signal Strength or RSS) are taken periodically at regular intervals. This is done so as to find the best suitable cell for camping and for reselection/handover. In this paper, we evaluate various scenarios where the neighbor cell measurements are taken by the mobile station can be optimized, especially when battery level goes below a predefined threshold. More specifically, we describe methods that can be used to optimize neighbor cell measurements under different circumstances, so as to reduce the power consumption by the mobile station
Read more
Basic RF Testing of CCxxxx Devices
Texas Instruments' low-power RF products make it easy to build wireless links for remote control, metering, and sensing applications. This paper provides a detailed overview of the different characterization tests (conducted, not radiated) performed during the device verification process of TI's low-power RF products. The document gives users a better understanding of the systems and functions, and presents general information about device testing under various conditions and parameters. The basic setup of the test system and procedural information about each test is also covered.
Read more
LTE-Advanced: Carrier Aggregation
Achieving the requirements set out in IMT-Advanced is even more challenging given the fragmentation of the available cellular radio spectrum, particularly in North America. Release 10 of the 3GPP LTE specifications-LTE-Advanced-delivers IMT-Advanced within practical spectrum constraints. It does this through the carrier aggregation feature. Carrier aggregation permits an LTE base station to group several distinct channels into one logical channel, thereby enabling very high peak traffic channel data rates. In this white paper, learn more about carrier aggregation including various configurations, software and hardware implications particularly related to UE as well as UE implementation and verification challenges.
Read more
Anaren Integrated Radio AIR A1101R09x Reference Guide
The A1101R09A and A1101R09C are surface mount modules with an integrated crystal, internal voltage regulator, matching circuitry and filtering. The A1101R09A has an integral antenna, whereas the A1101R09C utilizes an external antenna through a U.FL connector. The modules operate in the global non-licensed 915MHz ISM/SRD frequency band and are ideal for achieving low power wireless connectivity without having to deal with extensive RF, antenna design and regulatory compliance, allowing quick time to market. The modules are 100% tested to provide consistent performance.
Read more
Comparisons between Low Power Wireless Technologies
Comparison of Bluetooth low energy and other competing technologies such as ANT, Zigbee, IR, NFC, Wi-Fi; highlights some advantages of each, with BTLE coming top in most situations. Many new use cases are now possible with ultra low power wireless chipsets. Wireless technologies have been available for decades. However, they tend to use significant amounts of power and need specialised equipment to establish communications...
Read more
Putting FPGAs to Work in Software Radio Systems
FPGAs have become an important resource for software radio systems. Programmable logic technology now offers advantages for implementing software radio functions such as DDCs. Over the past few years, the functions associated with DDCs have seen a shift from being delivered in ASICs to operating as IP in FPGAs. For many applications, this implementation shift brings advantages that include design flexibility, higher precision processing, higher channel density, lower power, and lower cost per channel.
Read more
Anaren Integrated Radio A2500R24x Reference Guide
The A2500R24C and A2500R24A are surface mount modules with an integrated crystal, internal voltage regulator, matching circuitry and filtering. The A2500R24A has an integral antenna, whereas the A2500R24C utilizes an external antenna through a U.FL connector. The modules operate in the global non-licensed 2.4GHz ISM/SRD frequency band and are ideal for achieving low power wireless connectivity without having to deal with extensive RF, antenna design and regulatory compliance, allowing quick time to market. The modules are 100% tested to provide consistent performance. The A2500R24C and A2500R24A modules both measure x12x2.5mm and are footprint compatible with each other.
Read more
Pushing the Envelope of Digital Wireless Communications
Over a period of just 124 years, wireless communication systems have evolved from the rudimentary generation of radio waves, through to the market saturation of inexpensive handheld devices capable of data rates approaching 100 Mbps. This article reviews the key technical breakthroughs upon which modern digital communications is based and then discusses the essential factors needed to achieve market-leading performance.
Read more
Wireless Connectivity
Download TI's Wireless Connectivity Guide to view featured product overviews and selection tables for wireless connectivity devices. Whatever type of wireless connectivity you need for your next application, TI can help you find the right one. TI supports more than a dozen wireless technologies for mesh and IP networks, personal area networks, locationing, proprietary RF sub-1 GHz, proprietary RF 2.4 GHz and RFID.
Read more
The LTE technology as specified within 3GPP Release 8 was first commercially deployed by end 2009. Since then the number of operators implementing the technology is strongly increasing around the globe. LTE has become the fastest developing mobile system technology. The same way GSM and WCDMA have been enhanced with additional features over time, LTE is continuously worked on. This white paper describes the initial enhancements that have been included in the 3GPP Release 9.
Read more
Range to Fault (RTF) Technology
Passive intermodulation (PIM) has been recognized as a problem in communications systems for nearly 50 years. New technology is helping cut down on the amount of time PIM testing takes to find the source of the problem. Learn how Range To Fault (RTF) analysis can accurately predict the location of multiple static PIM sources within the RF infrastructure.
Read more
Microwave absorbers for collision avoidance systems
Microwave absorbers consist of materials that contain coatings whose electrical and/or magnetic properties have been altered in order to allow for the absorption of microwave energy at discrete or broadband frequencies. These absorbers have traditionally been used for EMI reduction, antenna pattern shaping, and radar cross section reduction.
Read more
Save Time and Space in Design for Coexistence with Integrated RF Modules
Applications for portable wireless data communications are on the rise with the advent of initiatives such as smart power and with rapid growth in markets for portable devices such as tablet PCs. To be successful in these applications, however, designs need to have multiple highefficiency, low-noise RF channels in as small a space as possible. By adopting integrated RF modules, designers can achieve such superior coexistence faster and more efficiently than by using discrete component designs.
Read more
Real world challenges in deploying LTE networks for high speed mobile broadband service
There are new technologies in LTE to achieve very high data rates and efficient spectrum usage such as OFDMA and Resource Scheduling. A key testing technology behind this is the measurement of "throughput" to measure the actual data rates achieved under certain network conditions. This article reviews the technical issues related to LTE network throughput, from both Base Station and Handset sides, and then discuss the techniques being introduced in the industry to measure throughput.
Read more
Integrated ZigBee Radio Implementation and Testing
When designing embedded ZigBee (or other IEEE 802.15.4 based protocol) radio solutions, there are several tradeoffs in the level of integration into the end-product that are available. The challenge is to balance the level of integration and development costs base against the performance requirements of the end use application. As low cost radio technologies proliferate through many electronic product applications, streamlining validation and verification of ZigBee module performance is important. This application note demonstrates the utility and simplicity of the Tektronix MDO4000 Series Oscilloscope to validate and verify ZigBee radio module integration.
Read more
Who's afraid of RF radiations?
A large group of people perceive risks of RF exposure as likely and even possible severe. It is explained that RF radiation cannot be directly carcinogenic. RF heating is well controlled by (inter)national power restrictions and exposure limit recommendations. Long-term effects are not fully known and research concerning possible effects is ongoing. Awaiting these results, we propose to use the ALATA principle concerning transmit powers. For wireless energy transport we furthermore propose to place RF base station and wireless sensor nodes on the ceiling and direct the radiation over the ceiling. The benefit is two-fold: humans are not subject to electromagnetic radiation and energy transport is not blocked by humans.
Read more
Putting FPGAs to Work in Software Radio Systems, 6th Edition
FPGAs have become an increasingly important resource for software radio systems. Programmable logic technology now offers significant advantages for implementing software radio functions such as DDCs (digital down-converters). Over the past few years, the functions associated with DDCs have seen a shift from being delivered in ASICs to operating as IP in FPGAs. Recently updated to its 6th edition, this handbook introduces the basics of FPGA technology and its relationship to SDR (Software Defined Radio) systems. A review of Pentek's GateFlow FPGA Design Resources is followed by a discussion of features and benefits of FPGA-based DDCs
Read more
Wireless Connectivity Validation Solution
This application note describes Kozio's embedded software solution for interfacing, programming, calibrating, and validating the connectivity with these wireless multichip modules. Kozio provides general features for interfacing with the Bluetooth, WiFi, FM and GPS modules, as well as programming and functional tests for the Bluetooth and WiFi modules. Using Kozio's turn-key solution for wireless connectivity provides a quick method for validating and calibrating, delivering significant savings per device.
Read more
Voice and SMS in LTE
This white paper summarizes the technology options for supporting voice and short message service (SMS) in LTE, including circuit switched fallback (CSFB), SMS over SGs, and voice over LTE (VoLTE). It includes background information on the standardization process, and the commercial implications for the different options. The white paper also addresses test and measurement requirements resulting from the support of voice and SMS in LTE.
Read more
Method for improving battery life for Mobile Devices
In this paper, we intend to improve the battery life of a mobile device which is enabled with wireless communication technologies like 2G( GSM, GPRS, iDEN), 3G ( WCDMA ) or 4G( LTE, Wimax ). When the mobile station is in idle mode or stand by mode, it takes neighbor cell measurements along with serving cell measurements. These measurements (Received Signal Strength or RSS) are taken periodically at regular intervals. This is done so as to find the best suitable cell for camping and for reselection/handover. In this paper, we evaluate various scenarios where the neighbor cell measurements are taken by the mobile station can be optimized, especially when battery level goes below a predefined threshold. More specifically, we describe methods that can be used to optimize neighbor cell measurements under different circumstances, so as to reduce the power consumption by the mobile station
Read more
Basic RF Testing of CCxxxx Devices
Texas Instruments' low-power RF products make it easy to build wireless links for remote control, metering, and sensing applications. This paper provides a detailed overview of the different characterization tests (conducted, not radiated) performed during the device verification process of TI's low-power RF products. The document gives users a better understanding of the systems and functions, and presents general information about device testing under various conditions and parameters. The basic setup of the test system and procedural information about each test is also covered.
Read more
LTE-Advanced: Carrier Aggregation
Achieving the requirements set out in IMT-Advanced is even more challenging given the fragmentation of the available cellular radio spectrum, particularly in North America. Release 10 of the 3GPP LTE specifications-LTE-Advanced-delivers IMT-Advanced within practical spectrum constraints. It does this through the carrier aggregation feature. Carrier aggregation permits an LTE base station to group several distinct channels into one logical channel, thereby enabling very high peak traffic channel data rates. In this white paper, learn more about carrier aggregation including various configurations, software and hardware implications particularly related to UE as well as UE implementation and verification challenges.
Read more
Anaren Integrated Radio AIR A1101R09x Reference Guide
The A1101R09A and A1101R09C are surface mount modules with an integrated crystal, internal voltage regulator, matching circuitry and filtering. The A1101R09A has an integral antenna, whereas the A1101R09C utilizes an external antenna through a U.FL connector. The modules operate in the global non-licensed 915MHz ISM/SRD frequency band and are ideal for achieving low power wireless connectivity without having to deal with extensive RF, antenna design and regulatory compliance, allowing quick time to market. The modules are 100% tested to provide consistent performance.
Read more
Comparisons between Low Power Wireless Technologies
Comparison of Bluetooth low energy and other competing technologies such as ANT, Zigbee, IR, NFC, Wi-Fi; highlights some advantages of each, with BTLE coming top in most situations. Many new use cases are now possible with ultra low power wireless chipsets. Wireless technologies have been available for decades. However, they tend to use significant amounts of power and need specialised equipment to establish communications...
Read more
Putting FPGAs to Work in Software Radio Systems
FPGAs have become an important resource for software radio systems. Programmable logic technology now offers advantages for implementing software radio functions such as DDCs. Over the past few years, the functions associated with DDCs have seen a shift from being delivered in ASICs to operating as IP in FPGAs. For many applications, this implementation shift brings advantages that include design flexibility, higher precision processing, higher channel density, lower power, and lower cost per channel.
Read more
Anaren Integrated Radio A2500R24x Reference Guide
The A2500R24C and A2500R24A are surface mount modules with an integrated crystal, internal voltage regulator, matching circuitry and filtering. The A2500R24A has an integral antenna, whereas the A2500R24C utilizes an external antenna through a U.FL connector. The modules operate in the global non-licensed 2.4GHz ISM/SRD frequency band and are ideal for achieving low power wireless connectivity without having to deal with extensive RF, antenna design and regulatory compliance, allowing quick time to market. The modules are 100% tested to provide consistent performance. The A2500R24C and A2500R24A modules both measure x12x2.5mm and are footprint compatible with each other.
Read more
Pushing the Envelope of Digital Wireless Communications
Over a period of just 124 years, wireless communication systems have evolved from the rudimentary generation of radio waves, through to the market saturation of inexpensive handheld devices capable of data rates approaching 100 Mbps. This article reviews the key technical breakthroughs upon which modern digital communications is based and then discusses the essential factors needed to achieve market-leading performance.
Read more
Wireless Connectivity
Download TI's Wireless Connectivity Guide to view featured product overviews and selection tables for wireless connectivity devices. Whatever type of wireless connectivity you need for your next application, TI can help you find the right one. TI supports more than a dozen wireless technologies for mesh and IP networks, personal area networks, locationing, proprietary RF sub-1 GHz, proprietary RF 2.4 GHz and RFID.
Read more
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Technical papers
- LTE Release 9 Technology Introduction
- Range to Fault (RTF) Technology
- Microwave absorbers for collision avoidance systems
- Save Time and Space in Design for Coexistence with Integrated RF Modules
- Real world challenges in deploying LTE networks for high speed mobile broadband service
- Integrated ZigBee Radio Implementation and Testing
- Who's afraid of RF radiations?
- Putting FPGAs to Work in Software Radio Systems, 6th Edition
- Wireless Connectivity Validation Solution
- Voice and SMS in LTE
Poll
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This site contains articles under license from EETimes Group , a division of United Business Media LLC.
